Relationships

Mutualism is a relationship between two species in which both organisms benefit. Bees and flowers is an example; bees get food and flowers reproduce. Another example is clownfish; clownfish get protected from their predators, and anemone get protection from their's.

Parasitism is a relationship in which only one animal benefits. An example of this is humans and headlice; headlice get a place to live, and humans get an itchy scalp. Another example is some birds laying their eggs in other bird's nests.

In commenalism, both organisms receive neither benefits nor harms. An example of this is an orchid growing on a tree, where neither of them are interfering with each other's energy gathering.

Organic Compounds

• carbohydrates- quick energy storage
• lipids-long term energy storage, make up cell membranes.
• proteins- speed up chemical reactions (enzymes).
• nucleic acids- nucleic acids make up DNA and RNA.

Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides.
Lipids are made of glycerol and fatty acids.
Proteins are made of amino acids.
Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.
 

Why Evolution is Real

• Fossil Records- fossils from various dates show the process of certain features changing over millennia as one species turns into another (or some population of a species).
• Embryology- The embryos of many vastly different species look similar. This shows genetic similarity that goes way back.
• Structural Similarities- Many animals have similar skeletons; whales, humans, and dogs all have fingerbones that are structurally similar, but different in length and use. While all birds have beaks, they also have structures that show that they have adaptations to their unique environment.

Some Other Methods of Evolution

Genetic drift- this is random fluctuations in the genetic material of a population.

Mutation- chance errors in genetic code occur over generations, eventually altering life, if they are allowed to snowball.

Gene flow is the transfer of alleles to separate populations. Certain individuals of a population of animals with a common characteristic mix in with a new population and change that population's characteristics.

Recombination- The crossing over of genes can result in children with different characteristics than their parents. If this is an advantageous feature, it is likely to get passed down.

Darwin v Lamarck

Darwin believed that evolution worked through natural selection. If an individual has a characteristic that allows it to survive, then that characteristic will be passed to its children. If other individuals without this characteristic die, only the survivors with the characteristic will pass their genes down. This difference is small in the long run, but leads to big changes over millions of years. An example of this is giraffes with longer necks being able to get more food and survive, which means, as more and more short neck giraffes don't live to reproduce, the population of giraffes get longer necks. Another example of this is the birds Darwin found on the Galapagos having beaks suited to the food on certain islands.

Lamarck believed that certain characteristics will become more pronounced in a population if they're used more often. An example of this would be a population of giraffes stretching their necks out so much that their offspring have longer necks, which is preposterous.

Xylem and Phloem

Xylem and phloem both act as pathways in the plant, like a cardiovascular system. However, xylem goes up, while phloem goes down. They both transport and store nutrients. However, while xylem transports water primarily, phloem transports and stores organic compounds.

Bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Bryophytes are nonvascular plants. These include mosses and liverworts.
Ferns do not have seeds. Instead, they reproduce via spores.
Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers. Angiosperms also give fruit.
Gymnosperms include conifers and ginkgo. They produce seeds, but they do not make fruit.